संविधान के अनुच्छेद 200 और 201 के तहत राज्यपाल की शक्तियों की व्याख्या से संबंधित भारतीय संविधान के अनुच्छेद 143(1) के तहत सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की राय के लिए इस राष्ट्रपति संदर्भ पर विचार करते समय; संविधान पीठ जिसमें भारत के मुख्य न्यायाधीश माननीय न्यायमूर्ति बी.आर. गवई, माननीय न्यायमूर्ति सूर्यकांत, माननीय न्यायमूर्ति विक्रम नाथ, माननीय न्यायमूर्ति पामिदिघंतम श्री नरसिम्हा और माननीय न्यायमूर्ति अतुल एस. चंदुरकर शामिल थे, ने राय व्यक्त की कि:
- अनुच्छेद 200 के तहत राज्यपाल के पास तीन संवैधानिक विकल्प हैं – मंज़ूरी देना, बिल को प्रेसिडेंट के विचार के लिए सुरक्षित रखना, या मंज़ूरी न देना और टिप्पड़ी के साथ बिल को विधायिका को वापस भेजना। अनुच्छेद 200 का पहला परंतुक प्रावधान के मुख्य हिस्से से जुड़ा है, और चौथा विकल्प देने के बजाय मौजूदा विकल्प को रोकता है। खास तौर पर, तीसरा विकल्प – मंज़ूरी न देना और टिप्पड़ी के साथ वापस भेजना – गवर्नर के पास तभी उपलब्ध है जब यह धन विधेयक न हो।
- राज्यपाल को इन तीन संवैधानिक विकल्पों में से चुनने का अधिकार है और अनुच्छेद 200 के अंतर्गत अपना कार्य करते समय वह मंत्रिपरिषद की मदद और सलाह से बाध्य नहीं हैं।
- अनुच्छेद 200 के अंतर्गत राज्यपाल का कार्य, न्यायालय के परिधि में नहीं है। न्यायालय इस प्रकार लिए गए फ़ैसले का मेरिट रिव्यू नहीं कर सकता। हालाँकि, ऐसे परिस्थिति में जब कोई कार्य न करना लंबे समय तक, बिना किसी वजह के और अनिश्चित समय तक हो – न्यायालय राज्यपाल को अनुच्छेद 200 के तहत एक निश्चित समय में अपना कार्य करने के लिए एक सीमित परमादेश जारी कर सकता है, बिना राज्यपाल के विवेक के इस्तेमाल की मेरिट पर कोई टिप्पणी किए।
- संविधान का अनुच्छेद 361 राज्यपाल को व्यक्तिगत रूप से न्यायिक कार्यवाही के अधीन करने के संबंध में न्यायिक समीक्षा पर पूर्ण प्रतिबंध लगाता है। हालाँकि, इस पर भरोसा करके न्यायिक समीक्षा के सीमित दायरे को नकारा नहीं जा सकता है कि यह न्यायालय अनुच्छेद 200 के अंतर्गत राज्यपाल द्वारा लंबे समय तक निष्क्रियता की स्थिति में प्रयोग करने के लिए सशक्त है। यह स्पष्ट किया जाता है कि जहाँ राज्यपाल व्यक्तिगत प्रतिरक्षा का आनंद लेना जारी रखते हैं, वहीं राज्यपाल का संवैधानिक पद इस न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र के अधीन है।
- संविधान में तय समय सीमा और राज्यपाल द्वारा शक्ति के इस्तेमाल के तरीके के बिना, इस कोर्ट के लिए अनुच्छेद 200 के अंतर्गत शक्तियों के इस्तेमाल के लिए न्यायिक रूप से समय सीमा तय करना सही नहीं होगा।
- अनुच्छेद 201 के अंतर्गत राष्ट्रपति की सहमति भी राज्यपाल के संबंध में आयोजित समान तर्क के लिए न्यायोचित नहीं है।
- राष्ट्रपति भी अनुच्छेद 201 के तहत काम करने में न्यायिक रूप से तय समय-सीमा से बंधे नहीं हो सकते, उन्हीं कारणों से जो अनुच्छेद 200 के अंतर्गत राज्यपाल के मामले में बताए गए हैं।
- हमारे संवैधानिक प्रक्रिया में, जब भी गवर्नर कोई विधेयक राष्ट्रपति की सहमति के लिए सुरक्षित करता है, तो राष्ट्रपति को अनुच्छेद 143 के तहत रेफरेंस के तौर पर इस कोर्ट से सलाह लेने की ज़रूरत नहीं होती है। राष्ट्रपति की अपनी मर्ज़ी से संतुष्टि ही पर्याप्त है। यदि साफ़ तौर पर कुछ नहीं है, या राष्ट्रपति को किसी विधेयक पर इस कोर्ट से सलाह की ज़रूरत है, तो उसे अनुच्छेद 143 के तहत संदर्भित किया जा सकता है, जैसा कि पहले कई अवसरों पर किया गया है।
- अनुच्छेद 200 और 201 के तहत राज्यपाल और राष्ट्रपति के फैसले, कानून लागू होने से पहले के चरण पर न्यायोचित नहीं होते हैं। न्यायालय के लिए किसी विधेयक के कानून बनने से पहले, किसी भी तरह से उसके विषय-वस्तु पर न्यायिक निर्णयन करना ठीक नहीं है। खास तौर पर, अनुच्छेद 143 के तहत अपनी भूमिका निभाना, ‘न्यायिक निर्णयन” नहीं माना जाता है।
- संवैधानिक शक्तियों का प्रयोग और राष्ट्रपति/राज्यपाल के आदेशों को अनुच्छेद 142 के तहत किसी भी तरह से बदला नहीं जा सकता है, और हम यह स्पष्ट करते हैं कि संविधान, मुख्यतः अनुच्छेद 142 भी, बिलों की ‘मानी गई मंज़ूरी’ (Deemed Assent) के अवधारणा की सहमति नहीं देता है।
- अनुच्छेद 200 के अनुसार राज्यपाल की सहमति के बिना राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा बनाए गए कानून के लागू होने का कोई सवाल ही नहीं है। अनुच्छेद 200 के अनुसार राज्यपाल की विधायी भूमिका को किसी अन्य संवैधानिक प्राधिकारी द्वारा प्रतिस्थापित नहीं किया जा सकता है।
यह भी पढ़ें- 1. कृतिम ग्राम सभा: मॉडल युथ ग्राम सभा
2. अमेरिकी हवाई हमले की जांच होनी चाहिए: संयुक्त राष्ट्र मानवाधिकार उच्चायुक्त
राष्ट्रपति का संदर्भ State of T.N. v. Governor of T.N. में माननीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के निर्णय के कारण अस्तित्व में आया।
[IN RE : ASSENT, WITHHOLDING OR RESERVATION OF BILLS BY THE GOVERNOR AND THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA; Special Reference No.- 1/2025, Dated- 20.11.2025]
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